Philip was among the first disciples Jesus called to follow him. Born in Bethsaida, a fishing village on the Sea of Galilee, Philip shared his hometown with fellow apostles Andrew and Peter. Unlike many of his fellow disciples who had Hebrew names, Philip bore a Greek name, suggesting he likely spoke Greek and had connections with Greek communities.
When Jesus found Philip, he simply said, “Follow me,” and Philip immediately obeyed. Subsequently, Philip demonstrated evangelistic zeal by finding Nathanael (sometimes identified with Bartholomew) and introducing him to Jesus. We have found him of whom Moses in the Law and also the prophets wrote, Jesus of Nazareth, Philip told Nathanael, showing his recognition of Jesus as the promised Messiah.
Throughout John’s Gospel, Philip appears at several significant moments. During the feeding of the 5,000, Jesus specifically asked Philip where they could buy bread to test him. At another time, Philip served as a bridge between Jesus and some Greek visitors who approached him saying, “Sir, we wish to see Jesus”. Additionally, at the Last Supper, Philip requested, “Lord, show us the Father,” prompting Jesus to respond, “Have I been with you so long, and yet you do not know me, Philip? Whoever has seen me has seen the Father”.
After Jesus’ ascension, Philip devoted himself to spreading the Gospel. According to tradition, he preached in Greece, Syria, Phrygia, and Asia Minor. Although accounts of his death vary, the most widely accepted tradition states that Philip was martyred by crucifixion around 80 AD in Hierapolis. Like Peter, Philip requested to be crucified upside down, considering himself unworthy to die in the same manner as Jesus.
Before his death, Philip reportedly converted the wife of the city’s proconsul through miraculous healing and preaching. This enraged the official, who ordered Philip’s torture and crucifixion. During his execution, an earthquake occurred, terrifying onlookers. Though some believers attempted to release him, Philip insisted they allow him to complete his martyrdom.
The Catholic Church commemorates Philip (along with James the Less) on May 3, while the Eastern Orthodox Church honors him on November 14. His symbols include the Latin cross, representing his martyrdom, and bread or a basket of loaves, recalling his role in the feeding miracle.
Judas Iscariot
Judas Iscariot stands as one of history’s most notorious figures, forever remembered for his betrayal of Jesus. Initially chosen by Jesus himself after a night of intense prayer, Judas became one of the twelve apostles despite Jesus knowing his eventual betrayal would fulfill biblical prophecy.
As treasurer for Jesus and the disciples, Judas carried the money bag for the group. Yet beneath this trusted position, he regularly helped himself to the funds, revealing his true character as “a thief”. His betrayal wasn’t spontaneous but calculated, as he approached the chief priests asking, “What are you willing to give me if I deliver him over to you?” They agreed on thirty pieces of silver – the price fulfilling an Old Testament prophecy.
Nevertheless, what drove Judas to this treachery appears twofold. First was his desire for personal gain, evidenced by his negotiation for payment. Second and more chilling, Luke’s gospel states that “Satan entered Judas”, suggesting a spiritual dimension to his betrayal. This demonic influence moved him to actually carry out the plan.
The betrayal itself occurred with a kiss – a perverse use of a greeting signifying respect and friendship. Yet immediately after seeing Jesus condemned, Judas experienced overwhelming remorse. In fact, he attempted to return the blood money to the chief priests, declaring, “I have sinned, for I have betrayed innocent blood”. When they refused it, he threw the silver pieces into the temple and departed.
The accounts of Judas’s death appear contradictory at first glance. Matthew states that Judas “hanged himself”, yet Acts describes him falling headlong in a field, his body bursting open with intestines spilling out. However, these accounts complement each other rather than conflict. Most likely, Judas died by hanging, but subsequently, after decomposition began, his body fell when either the rope or branch broke, causing his bloated corpse to burst open upon impact.
Furthermore, both accounts mention a “Field of Blood” connected to Judas’s death. In Matthew’s version, the priests used Judas’s returned silver to purchase this field for burying foreigners. In Acts, it’s said Judas himself bought the field. Either way, this place became permanently associated with his betrayal and gruesome end, serving as a lasting reminder of his infamy.
Ultimately, Judas’s story stands as a somber warning about betrayal’s consequences, illustrating how even one chosen by Jesus himself could fall so dramatically.
James, son of Zebedee
Among the twelve chosen by Jesus, James, son of Zebedee, stood out with his fiery temperament and passionate dedication. This boldness of character would ultimately lead to his distinction as the first apostle to shed blood for his faith.
Born to Zebedee and Salome in Galilee, James grew up alongside his younger brother John in a family of means. Their father operated a flourishing fishing business on the Sea of Galilee, complete with hired staff. Notably, James’ mother Salome later became one of the devoted women who followed Jesus and “ministered unto him of their substance”.
Jesus called both brothers while they were mending fishing nets with their father. The gospel of Mark records that they immediately left their boat and father behind to follow Jesus. This immediate response demonstrated the decisive character that would mark James’ brief but significant ministry.
James occupied a special position among the disciples as part of Jesus’ inner circle. Alongside Peter and his brother John, he witnessed pivotal moments others did not experience:
- The raising of Jairus’ daughter from death
- The Transfiguration on the mountaintop
- Jesus’ agony in the Garden of Gethsemane
Jesus gave both James and John the nickname “Boanerges” or “Sons of Thunder,” likely reflecting their zealous personalities. This temperamental nature became evident when a Samaritan village rejected Jesus, prompting the brothers to ask if they should “call down fire from heaven” to destroy the village. This impulsive suggestion earned them a rebuke from Jesus, who reminded them His mission was about saving lives, not destroying them.
Following Christ’s ascension, James remained active in spreading the gospel for approximately 10 years. Subsequently, in 44 AD, James became the target of Herod Agrippa I’s persecution against the early church.
Acts 12:1-2 succinctly records this pivotal moment: “About that time Herod the king laid violent hands upon some who belonged to the church. He killed James the brother of John with the sword.
Herod Agrippa I, grandson of Herod the Great, executed James as part of his strategy to please the Jewish authorities. After witnessing the positive reaction to James’ execution, Herod proceeded to arrest Peter as well. Essentially, James’ death represented the beginning of a broader campaign against the church.
An interesting tradition preserved by Eusebius of Caesarea, citing Clement of Alexandria, adds a poignant detail to James’ execution. According to this account, the guard who brought James to trial was so moved by the apostle’s bold testimony that he confessed his own faith in Christ. When this guard asked James for forgiveness, James responded, “Peace be with you,” and kissed him. Consequently, both men were beheaded together.
James holds the solemn distinction of being the first apostle to suffer martyrdom. Though Stephen had earlier been stoned to death as recorded in Acts 7, James was the first of Jesus’ twelve chosen disciples to die for the faith.
The execution occurred in Jerusalem, fulfilling Jesus’ earlier prophecy. Once, when James and John had ambitiously requested to sit at Jesus’ right and left in His kingdom, Jesus had responded prophetically: “You will indeed drink from my cup and be baptized with the baptism I am baptized with”. For James, this prediction of sharing in Christ’s suffering found its fulfillment in his beheading.
Furthermore, James’ martyrdom is uniquely significant as it is the only apostolic execution explicitly recorded in the New Testament. His death marked a turning point for the early church, signaling the increasing dangers facing Christ’s followers. Afterward, many believers scattered to avoid persecution, inadvertently spreading the gospel to new regions.
Despite the clear biblical account of James’ death in Jerusalem, a strong tradition emerged connecting him to Spain. According to these accounts, James traveled to the Iberian Peninsula to preach the gospel before returning to Jerusalem and his martyrdom.
Following his execution, tradition holds that his disciples took his remains to Spain. Some versions of this legend describe a miraculous journey where they placed his body in a stone boat without rudder or steersman, trusting divine guidance. Angels supposedly directed the vessel to Padrón on the Galician coast, from where his body was taken inland for burial.
His burial site remained obscure until the ninth century when a hermit named Pelayo reportedly discovered it after following a bright star to a field. This discovery gave the location its name—Santiago de Compostela, derived from “Campus Stellae” or “Field of Stars”.
King Alfonso II made the first pilgrimage to these relics and established protections along the route for future pilgrims. Throughout the Middle Ages, Santiago de Compostela became one of the world’s most significant pilgrimage destinations. Indeed, this tradition continues vibrantly today—in 2018 alone, over 327,000 pilgrims completed at least the final 100 kilometers of the “Way of St. James” to qualify for a Compostela certificate.
When July 25 falls on a Sunday, it becomes a “Holy Year” in Santiago de Compostela, during which a special eastern door to the cathedral is opened for pilgrims. The enduring veneration of James in Spain has made him the country’s patron saint, with the scallop shell as his identifying symbol for pilgrims journeying along the Camino de Santiago.
Peter
Known as the “Rock” upon whom Christ would build his church, Simon Peter stands among the most recognized of Jesus’ apostles. Originally named Simon bar Yonah, he was born around 1 BC in Bethsaida and worked as a Jewish fisherman alongside his brother Andrew. After meeting Jesus, his life transformed completely, ultimately leading to his martyrdom under Emperor Nero’s persecution.
Jesus gave Simon the name Cephas (Aramaic) or Peter (Greek Petros), meaning “rock”. This renaming proved prophetic, especially considering Jesus’ declaration: “You are Peter, and on this rock I will build my church, and the gates of Hades will not overcome it”. Indeed, Peter emerged as one of the earliest leaders in the Christian movement after Christ’s ascension.
Throughout the gospels, Peter appears prominently in Jesus’ ministry. Along with James and John, he formed an informal inner circle among the disciples. These three alone witnessed extraordinary moments hidden from others, including the raising of Jairus’ daughter, Christ’s transfiguration, and Jesus’ agony in Gethsemane. Despite his prominence, Peter famously denied Jesus three times during the crucifixion events, a failure Jesus had predicted.
However, after Christ’s resurrection, Peter received restoration and went on to become a bold leader. He preached extensively and, consequently, historical evidence places him in Rome toward the end of his life, where he met his death between 64 and 68 AD.
The details of Peter’s martyrdom remain one of Christianity’s most poignant stories. Under Nero’s brutal persecution, Peter faced crucifixion in Rome’s Vatican Hill area, specifically in Nero’s circus. This location would later become incredibly significant, as Constantine eventually built St. Peter’s Basilica over the site to commemorate Peter’s sacrifice.
Perhaps the most striking aspect of Peter’s execution was his request to be crucified upside-down. Christian tradition holds that he made this unusual request because he felt unworthy to die in the same manner as his Lord. While some scholars question this detail, the upside-down crucifixion remains the most widely accepted account of his death.
The timing of Peter’s martyrdom coincides with Nero’s vicious persecution of Christians following Rome’s Great Fire in July 64 AD. Although traditionally dated to 67 AD, more recent scholarship suggests Peter likely died in October 64 AD. Some researchers specifically point to October 13, noting this date aligned with Nero’s tenth anniversary celebrations, when the emperor would have wanted spectacular displays of cruelty.
Remarkably, archaeological discoveries provide compelling evidence supporting the traditional location of Peter’s burial. Excavations beneath St. Peter’s Basilica uncovered bones believed to be Peter’s, preserved in a second-century shrine built over his burial spot. These remains belonged to a man approximately 60-70 years old. Notably, the bones below the ankles were missing, potentially indicating the body had been cut down from an upside-down crucifixion. Additionally, archaeologists discovered a second-century inscription reading “Petros” near the tomb.
Jesus had actually foretold the manner of Peter’s death years earlier, telling him: “When you are old you will stretch out your hands, and someone else will dress you and lead you where you do not want to go” (John 21:18). This prophecy clearly indicated Peter would die by crucifixion.
Peter’s martyrdom represents a profound transformation—from the disciple who denied Christ three times to the apostle willing to die an excruciating death for his faith. Moreover, through his courageous end, Peter demonstrated the ultimate commitment to the Savior who had called him from his fishing boat years earlier to become a “fisher of men.”
Saul/Paul
The apostle Paul’s journey from persecutor to preacher ended with his beheading in Rome under Emperor Nero’s reign. Initially known as Saul of Tarsus, Paul was not among the original twelve disciples chosen by Jesus. In fact, he never met Christ during his earthly ministry. As a strict Pharisee and Roman citizen, Paul originally participated in the persecution of early Christians. This dramatically changed when, on the road to Damascus where he intended to arrest followers of “the way,” he experienced a blinding vision of Christ that transformed his life.
Subsequently, Paul became one of Christianity’s most influential figures, writing approximately fourteen books of the New Testament. Through his missionary journeys across the Roman Empire, he established numerous Christian communities throughout Asia Minor and Europe from the mid-40s to mid-50s AD. His Roman citizenship allowed him freedom of movement throughout the empire, while his background as both a Jew and someone raised in Greek culture positioned him perfectly to spread Christ’s message across diverse populations.
Regarding his death, though Scripture itself does not explicitly describe Paul’s martyrdom, both Christian tradition and historical evidence strongly support that he died as a martyr in Rome. The timeframe of his execution falls between 64-67 AD during Emperor Nero’s reign. This period coincides with Nero’s brutal persecution of Christians following the great fire that devastated Rome in July 64 AD.
The manner of Paul’s death is consistently reported as beheading. This execution method aligned with his status as a Roman citizen, who would be spared the more humiliating death of crucifixion reserved for non-citizens. In a letter to the Romans around 57 AD, Paul had expressed his intention to visit Rome on his way to Spain. Therefore, his presence in the capital during Nero’s persecution appears historically plausible.
Prior to his execution, Paul apparently anticipated his impending death. In his second letter to Timothy, he wrote, “I am already being poured out as a drink offering, and the time of my departure has come” (2 Timothy 4:6). These words reveal his awareness of his imminent martyrdom and his spiritual readiness to face it.
Following his execution, Christian tradition holds that Paul’s body was buried outside Rome on the Ostian Way. The earliest explicit testimony of his death comes from Clement of Rome around 95-96 AD, who wrote that Paul “gained the illustrious reputation due to his faith, having taught righteousness to the whole world, and come to the extreme limit of the west, and suffered martyrdom under the prefects”.
Today, the Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls marks the traditional site of Paul’s tomb. In 2006, Vatican archaeologists confirmed the discovery of a white marble sarcophagus beneath the church’s altar. Tests conducted in 2009 revealed bone fragments dating to the first or second century, potentially confirming the authenticity of Paul’s burial location.
Some traditional accounts include symbolic elements, such as the story that when Paul was beheaded, his head bounced three times, with springs of water appearing at each spot—giving rise to the name “Three Fountains” for the execution site. While such details may be legendary embellishments, they underscore the profound impact Paul’s martyrdom had on early Christian communities.
Throughout centuries of Christian history, Paul’s death has symbolized the ultimate commitment to the faith he once persecuted. His transformation from zealous opponent to devoted apostle willing to die for Christ remains one of the most powerful testimonies in Christian tradition.
Andrew
As the first disciple called by Jesus, Andrew holds a special place in Christian history with his Greek name “Andreas” meaning “manly” or “brave” – a fitting description for his life and death. Born between 5 and 10 AD in Bethsaida on the Sea of Galilee, this elder brother of Simon Peter began his spiritual journey not with Jesus directly, but as a follower of John the Baptist.
Indeed, it was through John that Andrew first encountered Jesus. Upon hearing John proclaim, “Behold the Lamb of God!”, Andrew immediately followed Jesus, spending that first day with him. Recognizing Jesus as the long-awaited Messiah, Andrew rushed to share this life-changing discovery with his brother Simon Peter. For this reason, Eastern Orthodox tradition honors him as “Protokletos” or “First-Called”.
Primarily a fisherman by trade alongside his brother, Andrew was directly called by Jesus while casting nets into the Sea of Galilee. Throughout Jesus’ ministry, Andrew appeared at several key moments – introducing the boy with loaves and fishes during the feeding of the 5,000 and helping Greeks who wished to meet Jesus.
Following Pentecost, Andrew traveled extensively to spread the Gospel. Christian tradition places him preaching throughout Greece, Turkey, and regions around the Black Sea. Moreover, some accounts suggest he ventured as far as Scythia (modern southern Russia) and even foretold the foundation of Kyiv.
His martyrdom occurred in Patras, Greece around 60 AD under the provincial governor Aegeas. When Andrew converted the governor’s wife Maximilla to Christianity, the enraged Aegeas sentenced him to death by crucifixion. Evidently considering himself unworthy to die exactly as Jesus had, Andrew requested to be bound to an X-shaped cross, now universally known as “St. Andrew’s Cross”.
Hanging on this cross for two days before dying, Andrew continued teaching the gathered crowds. His final words reportedly included: “Lord, eternal King of glory, receive me hanging from the wood of this sweet cross”.
Andrew’s remains were initially preserved at Patras, then later moved to Constantinople. Eventually, many of his relics were transferred to Amalfi Cathedral in Italy, where they remain today.
Philip
With a Greek name meaning “lover of horses,” Philip brought a uniquely practical perspective to Jesus’ circle of closest followers. Born in the fishing village of Bethsaida alongside fellow apostles Andrew and Peter, Philip appears fifth in all listings of the apostles throughout the New Testament. His Greek name suggests possible cultural connections beyond Judaism, potentially explaining why Greek pilgrims later approached him seeking an introduction to Jesus.
Philip’s journey with Jesus began differently from some other apostles. While Andrew had previously followed John the Baptist, Jesus found and called Philip directly with the simple yet powerful command: “Follow me”. Philip’s immediate response demonstrated his readiness to embrace Jesus’ message. Soon afterward, he enthusiastically sought out Nathanael (often identified as Bartholomew), proclaiming, “We have found the one Moses wrote about in the Law, and about whom the prophets also wrote”.
Throughout Jesus’ ministry, Philip’s practical nature emerged in key moments. When faced with feeding five thousand hungry followers, Jesus specifically tested Philip by asking where they could buy bread. Similarly, Philip served as a cultural bridge when certain Greeks wished to meet Jesus, approaching him first before consulting with Andrew about the request.
Perhaps Philip’s most memorable moment came during the Last Supper when he asked Jesus, “Lord, show us the Father, and it will satisfy us.” This question prompted Jesus’ profound response: “Have I been with you so long, and yet you do not know me, Philip? He who has seen me has seen the Father”. This exchange uniquely revealed the unity between Father and Son.
Following Pentecost, Philip traveled extensively as a missionary. Various traditions place him preaching throughout Greece, Syria, Asia Minor, and Phrygia. Altogether different from Philip the Evangelist (one of the seven deacons chosen in Acts 6:5), our apostle Philip focused his later ministry primarily in Hierapolis, located in modern-day Turkey.
Regarding his death, most accounts agree that Philip faced martyrdom in Hierapolis around 80 AD during Emperor Domitian’s reign. The predominant tradition holds that he was crucified upside-down, although fundamentally different accounts suggest he may have been martyred by beheading instead. According to the non-canonical Acts of Philip, his execution came after converting the wife of the city’s proconsul through miraculous healing and powerful preaching.
The precise details of Philip’s martyrdom vary across traditions. One account explains that he was suspended upside-down with iron hooks through his ankles and heels, while another states that although his companion Bartholomew was released from crucifixion by the moved crowd, Philip himself insisted on remaining on his cross until death.
Philip’s feast day is celebrated differently across Christian traditions. Since the 3rd century, Western Christianity has commemorated him on May 1st alongside James the Less, though this date changed briefly to May 11th in 1960 before being permanently moved to May 3rd in 1969. Eastern Orthodox believers, meanwhile, celebrate Philip’s feast day on November 14th.
In 2011, archaeologists claimed to have discovered Philip’s empty tomb in ancient Hierapolis, where it formed the centerpiece of a 4th-century basilica that became a major pilgrimage site. The marble floors of this church show significant wear from countless pilgrims who visited to honor this apostle who gave his life for the faith he once embraced with such practical devotion.
Bartholomew
The apostle Bartholomew presents an interesting case of dual identity in biblical records. Most scholars today identify him with Nathanael, whom Jesus described as an Israelite indeed, in whom is no guile. This identification stems primarily from the observation that Bartholomew (meaning “son of Tolmai”) appears in the apostle lists of the Synoptic Gospels, yet Nathanael—despite his detailed call narrative—is absent from these lists.
Bartholomew first encountered Jesus through his close friend Philip, who enthusiastically told him, “We have found him of whom Moses in the law and also the prophets wrote.” Initially skeptical about someone from Nazareth, Bartholomew’s attitude changed instantly upon meeting Jesus. When Jesus revealed he had seen Bartholomew “under the fig tree” before Philip called him, Bartholomew immediately recognized Jesus as “the Son of God” and “King of Israel.”
Following Pentecost, Bartholomew embarked on extensive missionary journeys. Historical accounts place him preaching throughout diverse regions including India, Ethiopia, Mesopotamia, Parthia, Lycaonia, and Armenia. The 4th-century Bishop Eusebius of Caesarea recorded that when Pantaenus visited India in the 2nd century, he discovered a Hebrew copy of Matthew’s Gospel that Bartholomew had left behind.
Yet it was in Armenia where Bartholomew met his gruesome end. After successfully converting King Polymius to Christianity, he incurred the wrath of the king’s brother Astyages and local pagan priests. They captured Bartholomew and subjected him to one of the most horrific martyrdoms recorded in Christian history—he was flayed alive and subsequently beheaded.
This particularly brutal execution explains why artistic depictions frequently show Bartholomew holding his own skin and a knife. Michelangelo’s famous Last Judgment in the Sistine Chapel portrays him holding his flayed skin, onto which the artist painted his own self-portrait. Similarly, Marco d’Agrate’s remarkably anatomical sculpture in Milan Cathedral depicts the skinless apostle carrying a Bible.
Currently, Bartholomew’s relics rest in several locations, chiefly in Rome’s Church of St. Bartholomew-in-the-Tiber and Italy’s Benevento. The Western Church commemorates him on August 24, whereas Eastern Christians celebrate him on June 11. Fittingly, he serves as patron saint of tanners, leatherworkers, bookbinders, butchers, and those suffering from neurological and skin diseases.
James, son of Alphaeus
Often confused with other biblical James’s, James son of Alphaeus remains one of the less prominent yet still significant apostles in Jesus’ inner circle. Listed among the Twelve in all four apostolic rosters (Matthew 10:3, Mark 3:18, Luke 6:15, Acts 1:13), he appears consistently toward the end, suggesting a less central role compared to disciples like Peter or John.
Throughout Christian history, James has frequently been identified as “James the Less” or “James the Lesser” – a title found in Mark 15:40. This designation likely distinguished him from the more prominent James, son of Zebedee (sometimes called “James the Greater”). The moniker possibly indicated he was younger, shorter in stature, or simply less significant among the apostles.
Regarding his family connections, Scripture mentions James as the son of Alphaeus and Mary. Some early Christian writers, notably Jerome, attempted to identify him simultaneously as James the Less and James the brother of Jesus. This identification stems partly from noting that both had brothers named Joseph (or Joses) and Judas.
After Jesus’ ascension, James presumably received the Holy Spirit at Pentecost alongside the other disciples. Consequently, he embarked on his apostolic mission, yet Scripture provides scarcely any details about his specific ministry.
James’ death occurred dramatically in Jerusalem around 62 AD. According to tradition, he was speaking from a parapet of the Temple, boldly proclaiming Christ’s resurrection and second coming. Suddenly, opponents pushed him from this height. Still alive after the fall, he was subsequently beaten to death with a fuller’s club. This manner of martyrdom explains why Christian art typically portrays him holding a fuller’s pole or club as his identifying symbol.
Thaddeus
Among Jesus’ twelve chosen followers, Thaddeus stands out for his multitude of names and the conflicting accounts of his martyrdom. Known variously as Judas Thaddaeus, Jude Thaddaeus, Jude of James, or Lebbaeus, his identity often required clarification to distinguish him from Judas Iscariot, the disciple who betrayed Jesus. This distinction explains why Matthew and Mark referred to him as “Thaddeus” in their apostolic lists, whereas Luke called him “Judas of James”.
In John’s gospel, Thaddeus is identified simply as “Judas (not the Iscariot)”, particularly regarding his notable question at the Last Supper: “Lord, what is this all about? Do you intend to show yourself to us and not to the world?”. This inquiry reveals his genuine desire to understand Christ’s revelation, a characteristic that defined his discipleship.
After Pentecost, Thaddeus embarked on extensive missionary journeys. Historical records indicate he preached throughout Mesopotamia for ten years, correspondingly establishing Christian communities across Judea, Samaria, Idumaea, Syria, Libya, and possibly Armenia. His evangelistic work proved remarkably effective, converting many through both powerful teaching and miraculous healings.
Regarding his death, two predominant traditions exist. One account places his martyrdom in Armenia around 66 AD, executed by King Sanatruk’s order alongside Bartholomew and Saint Santoukhd. His tomb, according to this tradition, resides at the Monastery of Saint Thaddeus in Qareh Kelisa, Iran.
Contrarily, another tradition holds that Thaddeus died around 65 AD in Beirut, Lebanon, together with Simon the Zealot. This account states he was first clubbed to death, thereafter having his head shattered with a broad ax. Following his execution, his body was allegedly transported to Rome and placed in St. Peter’s Basilica, where it remains in the left transept under the main altar of St. Joseph, sharing one tomb with Simon the Zealot’s remains.
In Christian art and tradition, Thaddeus is typically portrayed holding an ax, symbolizing his violent death. Furthermore, images often depict him with a flame around his head, representing his presence at Pentecost when he received the Holy Spirit with the other apostles.
Straightaway after his death, Thaddeus became revered as a powerful intercessor. Roman Catholics undoubtedly recognize him as the patron saint of desperate cases and impossible situations (John 14:22-23), earning him the title “The Saint for the Hopeless and the Despaired”.
His faithful service, culminating in martyrdom, demonstrates his permanent commitment to Christ—the same Lord whom he once questioned about revealing himself to the world, henceforth becoming himself a powerful revelation of Christian faith and sacrifice.
Simon the Zealot
Known primarily as “the Zealot,” Simon remains one of the most mysterious apostles among Jesus’ twelve disciples. This distinctive epithet appears in Luke’s Gospel and Acts, clearly separating him from Simon Peter. In Matthew and Mark, he is called “Kananaios” or “Kananites,” derived from the Hebrew word “qanai,” meaning zealous.
Contrary to popular belief, the title “Zealot” doesn’t necessarily indicate membership in the radical Jewish nationalist party that emerged later. Instead, the term likely referred to Simon’s passionate devotion to Jewish law and religious practices. As John P. Meier suggests, in the context of the Gospels, the term might simply mean “zealous” or “religious”. This interpretation makes sense since the organized Zealot movement apparently didn’t exist until 30-40 years after the events described in the Gospels.
Very little information about Simon appears in Scripture beyond his name in the apostolic lists. Following Jesus’ ascension, Simon received the Holy Spirit at Pentecost and began his missionary work. Afterward, various traditions claim he preached throughout different regions including Egypt, Africa, Mauretania, Libya, and Persia.
The circumstances of Simon’s death remain shrouded in conflicting accounts. Several traditions exist:
- According to Justus Lipsius, Simon was sawn in half in Persia
- Ethiopian Christians maintain he was crucified in Samaria
- Moses of Chorene, a 5th-century Armenian historian, describes him as martyred in Caucasian Iberia (modern Georgia)
- The Golden Legend claims he was martyred with Jude Thaddaeus in Persia around 65 AD
- Some accounts suggest he was crucified in 61 AD in Britain during Roman conquest
- Eastern tradition uniquely claims he died peacefully of old age in Edessa
Essentially, most Christian traditions accept Simon as a martyr, with crucifixion being the most commonly cited method of execution. These various accounts reflect how apostolic histories were preserved primarily through oral tradition and later written records, often centuries after the events.
The Catholic Church commemorates Simon alongside Jude on October 28, whereas the Eastern Orthodox Church celebrates him on May 10. In religious artwork, he is typically depicted with a saw (reflecting one tradition of his martyrdom) or a book.
Despite the limited historical details, Simon’s inclusion among the twelve demonstrates Jesus’ deliberate selection of disciples from diverse backgrounds (https://www.bible.com/bible/111/MAT.10.4.NIV). His story reminds us that many who faithfully served Christ in the early church did so without recognition or detailed historical records, yet their contributions proved vital to Christianity’s foundation and growth.
Thomas
From doubter to devoted missionary, Thomas journeyed farther east than any other apostle to spread Christ’s message. Referred to as “Didymus” (meaning “twin” in Greek), Thomas appears in all four gospels as one of Jesus’ twelve original disciples. His name actually derives from the Aramaic “Tʾōmā,” likewise meaning “twin”, creating a multilingual reference to his identity across ancient languages.
Thomas demonstrated remarkable courage even before Christ’s crucifixion. When Jesus planned to visit the recently deceased Lazarus near Jerusalem—where religious leaders sought to stone him—Thomas boldly declared to his fellow apostles: “Let us also go, that we may die with him”. This statement reveals a depth of loyalty frequently overlooked in his broader narrative.
Yet his absence during Jesus’ first post-resurrection appearance to the disciples led to his most memorable moment. Upon hearing of Christ’s return, Thomas famously insisted: “Unless I see in his hands the print of the nails, and place my finger in the mark of the nails, and place my hand in his side, I will not believe”. Eight days later, Jesus appeared specifically to address Thomas’ uncertainty, prompting his profound confession: “My Lord and my God!”—a declaration recognized as the clearest affirmation of Christ’s divinity in scripture.
Following Pentecost, Thomas embarked on extensive missionary journeys. Strong traditions place him traveling throughout India, where he established Christian communities in several regions. Primarily, historical accounts suggest he reached Muziris (modern Kerala) around 52 AD, eventually founding seven churches across the region.
His courageous evangelism culminated in martyrdom at Mylapore (present-day Chennai) in 72 AD, where he was stabbed with spears after angering local authorities. Some accounts specifically mention that Thomas had converted the wife of a city proconsul through miraculous healing and powerful preaching, thereby provoking deadly opposition.
After his death, Thomas’ remains were initially preserved in Mylapore. Certain portions were later transported to Edessa according to Ephrem the Syrian, plus additional relics transferred to Ortona, Italy by 1258.
Today, his legacy lives on through vibrant communities of “St. Thomas Christians” in India, who trace their spiritual heritage directly to his first-century mission work. Beyond geography, Thomas’ story continues to inspire believers with its powerful transformation from questioning skeptic to faithful witness willing to die for the truth he once doubted.
Matthew
Originally known as Levi, Matthew worked as a tax collector in Capernaum before his life-changing encounter with Jesus. Sitting at his customs post, he received a simple yet profound call from Christ: Follow me. Matthew immediately arose, abandoning his lucrative career to become one of the twelve apostles.
Among Jesus’ disciples, Matthew’s background stood out. As a publican, he collected custom duties for Herod Antipas. This profession made him deeply unpopular among fellow Jews, primarily because tax collectors were considered collaborators with Roman authorities. Upon joining Jesus, Matthew hosted a celebratory feast where other tax collectors and sinners dined with Christ and His disciples—an event that provoked criticism from the Pharisees.
Matthew is traditionally identified as the author of the first Gospel, hence his designation as “Matthew the Evangelist”. Early Church Fathers like Papias, Irenaeus, and Origen attributed the Gospel to him, claiming he originally wrote it in Hebrew for Jewish Christians. Nonetheless, contemporary scholars generally believe the Gospel of Matthew was written anonymously, possibly incorporating material from the historical apostle.
Following Jesus’ resurrection and ascension, Matthew initially remained in Jerusalem with the other disciples. Subsequently, numerous accounts place him preaching in various regions. Most sources mention Ethiopia (though this likely refers to regions near the Caspian Sea rather than modern Ethiopia in Africa). Other traditions suggest he evangelized in Judea, Persia, Macedonia, and Syria.
Regarding Matthew’s death, conflicting traditions exist. Most Christian accounts maintain he died as a martyr, typically by sword wound in Ethiopia. One particularly detailed tradition describes him being killed while celebrating Mass, having provoked King Hirtacus by discouraging the royal marriage to a consecrated virgin named Ephigenia. Conversely, Clement of Alexandria quotes Heracleon as saying Matthew died peacefully.
The Roman Catholic Church commemorates Matthew on September 21, whereas the Eastern Orthodox Church celebrates him on November 16. Appropriately, this former tax collector became the patron saint of accountants and tax collectors.
Matthias the Apostle
Matthias stands as a unique figure among Jesus Christ’s Apostles, being the only one not personally selected by Jesus during His earthly ministry. Nevertheless, Matthias had faithfully followed Jesus from the beginning of His public mission through to His Ascension. After Judas Iscariot’s betrayal and subsequent suicide, Matthias was chosen to complete the apostolic circle of twelve—a selection process described in detail in the Book of Acts.
The story of Matthias begins not with a dramatic calling by the Sea of Galilee or a tax collector’s booth, but in the upper room in Jerusalem. The biblical account tells us that following Jesus’ Ascension, about 120 disciples gathered together. It was during this assembly that Peter addressed the need to replace Judas and restore the number of apostles to twelve.
Peter established specific criteria for this important role. The candidate must have:
- Been with the apostles throughout Jesus’ entire ministry
- Witnessed Jesus from His baptism by John until the Ascension
- Become a witness to the Resurrection alongside the other apostles
Two men met these qualifications: Joseph called Barsabbas (also known as Justus) and Matthias. After presenting these candidates, the disciples prayed for divine guidance: “Lord, you know everyone’s heart. Show us which of these two you have chosen to take over this apostolic ministry, which Judas left to go where he belongs”. Subsequently, they cast lots—an accepted biblical practice for discerning God’s will (Proverbs 16:33)—and the lot fell to Matthias. Through this process, he was officially numbered among the eleven apostles, completing the sacred circle of twelve.
Despite his significant appointment, the biblical record contains no further mention of Matthias. This silence has led some to question whether the disciples should have waited for Paul to fill the position. However, the fact remains that Paul would not have met the apostles’ criteria, having neither followed Jesus from His baptism nor witnessed His ministry firsthand. Additionally, as church history attests, God’s sovereign will was accomplished through Matthias, who like most apostles, eventually died as a martyr for Christ.
While Scripture remains silent about Matthias’s subsequent ministry, various traditions offer glimpses into his missionary work. According to Greek tradition, Matthias spread Christianity throughout Cappadocia and along the Caspian Sea coast, residing primarily near the port of Hyssus. The historian Nicephorus writes that Matthias first preached in Judea, then in Ethiopia (identified as the region of Colchis in modern-day Georgia), where he was ultimately crucified.
A different account appears in the Coptic “Acts of Andrew and Matthias,” which places his missionary activity in “the city of the cannibals” in Ethiopia. Moreover, a marker in the ruins of the Roman fortress at Gonio (ancient Apsaros) in modern Georgia’s Adjara region claims to mark Matthias’s burial site. Meanwhile, the “Synopsis of Dorotheus” states that “Matthias preached the Gospel to barbarians and meat-eaters in the interior of Ethiopia, where the sea harbor of Hyssus is, at the mouth of the river Phasis. He died at Sebastopolis, and was buried there, near the Temple of the Sun”.
Equally varied are the accounts of Matthias’s death. While some traditions maintain that he was stoned at Jerusalem by the local Jewish population and subsequently beheaded, others claim he was crucified in Ethiopia. Additionally, Hippolytus of Rome contradicts both accounts, asserting that Matthias died peacefully of old age in Jerusalem. These conflicting narratives highlight the challenges historians face when reconstructing the lives of many early Christian figures.
The Martyrdom of Matthias, preserved in Coptic and Ethiopian texts, presents yet another tradition. This account states that Matthias journeyed to Damascus, where he delivered a speech condemning idol worship. The angered crowd seized him, bound him, and placed him on an iron bed with fire kindled beneath. Miraculously, after thirty days of this torture, Matthias emerged unharmed. This led many to become believers, though eventually, tradition holds that he died in “one of the cities of the Jews” called Malâwân.
Throughout Christian history, various denominations have commemorated Matthias on different dates. The feast of Saint Matthias was initially included in the Roman Calendar in the 11th century and celebrated on February 24. However, during the 1969 revision of the General Roman Calendar, his feast was transferred to May 14, placing it in Eastertide close to the Ascension rather than during Lent. The Eastern Orthodox Church celebrates his feast on August 9, while Western Rite Orthodox parishes continue to observe the older date of February 24 (or February 25 in leap years).
In Anglican traditions, the Book of Common Prayer commemorates Matthias on February 24, although the newer Common Worship liturgy allows for celebration on either February 24 or May 14. Similarly, the Episcopal Church and some Lutheran denominations, including the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod and Lutheran Church–Canada, maintain the February 24 observance, while the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America and the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Canada celebrate on May 14.
An interesting folk tradition holds that Matthias’s feast day is considered the luckiest day of the year, presumably because Matthias himself was chosen by lot to replace Judas. This connection between Matthias and divine providence has made him a symbol of God’s guidance in times of decision-making.
Regarding relics, tradition claims that Empress Helena, mother of Emperor Constantine I, brought Matthias’s remains to Italy. These relics were then divided between the Abbey of Santa Giustina in Padua and the Abbey of St. Matthias in Trier, Germany. As mentioned earlier, a competing claim places his burial in Gonio-Apsaros, Georgia.
Today, Matthias is venerated as the patron saint of alcoholics, carpenters, tailors, smallpox sufferers, and the cities of Great Falls and Billings in Montana, as well as Trier in Germany. He is also invoked as a patron of hope and perseverance, qualities that certainly characterized his faithful following of Jesus even before being elevated to apostleship.
I find in Matthias a compelling example of faithful discipleship—a man who followed Jesus not for recognition or position, but out of genuine devotion. His selection reminds us that God often works through those who serve faithfully in the background, preparing them for purposes they might never anticipate. As we read in Acts 1:26, “Then they cast lots, and the lot fell to Matthias; so he was added to the eleven apostles,” showing how God’s plan unfolds in ways we might not expect, yet always with divine purpose.
John
Unlike his fellow apostles who faced violent deaths, John is distinguished as the only one among the Twelve to live to old age and die peacefully. As the son of Zebedee and brother of James, John held a special place in Jesus’ ministry, often referred to as “the disciple whom Jesus loved”. This beloved disciple leaned on Jesus during the Last Supper and remained faithfully at the foot of the cross during the crucifixion.
Identically to Peter and James, John formed part of Jesus’ inner circle, witnessing extraordinary moments including the raising of Jairus’ daughter, the Transfiguration, and Christ’s agony in Gethsemane. After Pentecost, John worked alongside Peter in establishing the early church, visiting newly converted believers in Samaria.
By the time he reached his later years, John ministered primarily in Ephesus. His faithful service resulted in exile to the rocky island of Patmos “because of the word of God and the testimony of Jesus” (Revelation 1:9). This barren, isolated location approximately forty miles off the coast of Miletus became the setting where he received the prophetic visions recorded in the Book of Revelation.
Markedly different from other apostles’ fates, John survived attempted execution. According to tradition, enemies in Rome threw him into a basin of boiling oil, yet he emerged miraculously unharmed. As a result, authorities sentenced him to slave labor in Patmos’ quarries.
Upon his release—possibly due to old age—John returned to what is now Turkey. Early church historians, including Irenaeus (who learned from Polycarp, John’s student), confirm John remained in Ephesus “until the times of Trajan”, indicating he lived beyond 98 AD. He died peacefully as an old man sometime after 98 AD, the sole apostle to escape martyrdom.
John’s tomb became a significant pilgrimage site at Ephesus, where by the sixth century, pilgrims collected dust from his grave, believed to possess healing properties. His faithful endurance through persecution, exile, and remarkable longevity bears witness to the transformative power of Christ’s love.
